{"id":13154,"date":"2020-01-02T15:18:01","date_gmt":"2020-01-02T20:18:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.pimsleur.com\/?p=13154"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:56:52","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T15:56:52","slug":"how-language-shapes-the-way-we-think-and-see-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pimsleur.com\/blog\/how-language-shapes-the-way-we-think-and-see-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"How Language Shapes the Way We Think and See the World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-language-influences-the-way-you-see-colors-space-and-time\"><strong>How Language Influences The Way You See Colors, Space, and Time<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One day I was in my Kiswahili language learning course when my instructor taught us something profound about how language influences how we see other people. In the course, he taught us how a noun class identifier that was supposed to denote \u201cthings\u201d was actually a way to denote a <em>disabled<\/em> person.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, I\u2019ll walk you through the example so this makes sense:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, in my professor\u2019s example, the word <em>kiti<\/em> translated to &#8220;chair&#8221;, where the \u201c<strong><em>ki<\/em><\/strong>\u201d is the object signifier, denoting that the speaker is referring to a <em>thing<\/em>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The word <em>Mtoto<\/em>, on the other hand, translates to &#8220;child&#8221;, as the \u201c<strong>m<\/strong>\u201d&nbsp;is a noun signifier, indicating that the speaker is referring to a <em>person.<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To describe a blind person, however, the word in the language is <em><strong>ki<\/strong>pofu<\/em>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, the blind person was actually referred to as an object, by using the signifier \u201c<strong>ki<\/strong>\u201d instead of an &#8220;<strong>m<\/strong>&#8221; for a person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-power-of-language\"><strong>The Power of Language:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The professor taught that the words used to refer to things and people revealed cultural attitudes around them &#8212; in that using this noun class to denote disabled persons, there was an attitude that disabled people were seen as things and not people.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The language has recently been updated to fit modern cultural attitudes, so now there is a more appropriate term to describe a blind person: <strong>M<\/strong>pofu.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether people decide to adopt this change in the language is another story. Regardless, there is no denying how profound language can be to shape our beliefs, attitudes, and worldviews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-does-your-language-determine-your-perception-of-the-world\"><strong>Does Your Language Determine Your Perception of The World?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Surprisingly, yes, though the effects are often subtle.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea of linguistic relativity (or linguistic determinism), that the language(s) we speak determines our thoughts and actions, was made popular by Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1950\u2019s.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the strict Whorfian hypothesis has long been abandoned by researchers, the notion that language affects thought is around to stay\u2014largely because there is some truth behind it.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s look at how language changes our perception of color, space, and time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-a-language-affects-the-way-you-see-color\"><strong>How a Language Affects the Way You See Color<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although our language does not directly affect the way we see color, it does affect how we think (and talk) about color.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur perception of color is not only related to the colors we see, but to the words that we give colors!\u201d<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch this video below to learn more about this phenomenon:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"clear clearfix\"><\/div><div class=\"flex-video widescreen youtube\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Language Changes The Way We See Color\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/mgxyfqHRPoE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mgxyfqHRPoE\"><\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are universal tendencies in color naming, but languages vary in the number of basic color terms like black, white, red or yellow. A basic color term is a single word that cannot be broken down into separate meanings.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For instance, \u2018green\u2019 is a basic color term, but \u2018lime green\u2019 is not.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-are-basic-colors-universal\"><strong>Are Basic Colors Universal?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>English has eleven basic color terms, but some languages have only three basic color terms.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Languages with three basic color terms all share the <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?isbn=1575861623\">same colors:<\/a> black, white, and red.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This doesn\u2019t mean that speakers of these languages can\u2019t distinguish other colors outside of these three categories, just that they might use modifiers (as in \u2018lime green\u2019) or special, infrequently-used color terms to refer to these colors.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the number of color terms varies cross-linguistically, researchers have found that languages tend to use the same \u201cprivileged\u201d points in the color space to name color categories.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At least with respect to color, there might be more similarities than differences between the world\u2019s languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-language-alters-the-way-you-see-the-space-around-you\"><strong>How Language Alters The Way You See the Space Around You<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A more striking example of how language affects human cognition can be found in linguistic research on spatial relationships. Spatial relationships encode how an object is located in space in relation to some other object.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like with color terms, we use spatial relationships every day.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When an English speaker says \u201cthe ball is to the left of the dog\u201d, they employ a <em>relative<\/em> frame of reference, meaning the statement is only true when spoken from a certain vantage point.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/rTLF2k5EIu5tTxDlCKJxEtUIF-gpMXY29cRFqVM2J5nCSBAk6XoeAVzVVZO0B3U42rDorDU1jdWrnYJqvdyIEWHjAYY9B8JLrlh8M6aEPnEv2wxldil922Q6JoaOo-eDmh1qcU07\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If the ball and dog don\u2019t move, but the speaker turns 180 degrees, then the speaker would declare that the ball is now to the right of the dog.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What an English speaker says about a spatial relationship changes based on where that speaker is.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This must explain the commonly used frustrations when giving directions,<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u201cNo, I meant my right, not your right!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-languages-that-view-spatial-referencing-differently-than-english\"><strong>Languages That View Spatial Referencing Differently Than English<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Not every language employs this frame of reference.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A speaker of Guugu Yimithirr (an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Far North Queensland) would describe the position of the ball and dog in a completely different way, using an <em>absolute<\/em> reference frame. Absolute frames of reference usually employ the cardinal directions to talk about spatial relationships.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In languages that use absolute frames, the ball is north of the dog, not to the left or right.&nbsp;<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crucially, the ball is <em>always<\/em> north of the dog, regardless of the position of the speaker or listener. English speakers talk about cardinal directions as well, but in a limited context and not as the primary way of encoding spatial relationships.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In languages like Guugu Yimithirr, <strong>absolute reference frames are the main (or only) way of talking about location in space.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-absolute-framed-language-affects-perception\"><strong>How Absolute-Framed Language Affects Perception<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As you might expect, speakers of absolute-framed languages are much more aware of the cardinal directions than others. <a href=\"https:\/\/ais.ku.edu.tr\/course\/18982\/1.102%20Boroditsky%20&amp;%20Gaby%20(2010).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">This study<\/a> asked individuals from two distinct ethnolinguistic groups to identify the cardinal directions without a compass.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People from Pormpuraaw (Cape York Peninsula), a community in which several Australian Aboriginal languages are spoken, were <em>all<\/em> able to correctly identify the cardinal directions with only 10\u00ba of error.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speakers of American English performed the same task poorly: only 36% correctly identified the cardinal directions, 36% were 45\u00ba-90\u00ba off compass, and 28% failed the task entirely.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/DIXWkRLW7AHxeGbnwhdlfRiIUtpuZ5LGfeYoZF_S-UBMNK4A_cZGFBFDJhQoWCbNMzW1TiZo9KUYmPDX_MK_dox-Sav4cRJPzJZjRSZHxErP4gMSGJCGtT2SnC7thCV0f5DWtnjH\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This suggests that the language we speak can determine what we think is\u2014or isn\u2019t\u2014worthy of our attention.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-language-shapes-the-way-you-view-time\"><strong>How Language Shapes The Way You View Time<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Languages often metaphorically extend spatial relationships to talk about time.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples of this in English include: looking <em>forward<\/em> to x, <em>behind<\/em> schedule, an artist <em>ahead<\/em> of their time. As with spatial relationships, languages vary greatly in their encoding of temporal relationships.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mandarin Chinese speakers frequently employ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0010028501907480\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">vertical metaphors<\/a> to talk about time. While English has some vertical time metaphors (\u201cthe upcoming debate\u201d), Mandarin Chinese uses this type of temporal relationship metaphor more robustly.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earlier events (those closer to the past) are \u2018up\u2019, and later events that are closer to the future are \u2018down\u2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-language-you-speak-shapes-how-you-view-timelines\"><strong>The Language You Speak Shapes How You View Timelines<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When asked to create a timeline using cards with pictures, monolingual English speakers all arranged events from left-to-right, with the earliest events on the left, and the latest events on the right.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speakers of the Australian Aboriginal language Kuuk Thaayorre (spoken in Pormpuraaw) tend to arrange events on a timeline from east to west, with the earliest events in the east.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite English speakers\u2019 behavior, there are no left-to-right time metaphors in English, and despite Kuuk Thaayorre speakers\u2019 behavior, there are no east-to-west time metaphors in Kuuk Thaayorre.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, speakers of both languages seem to take the way they think about space and adapt it to time as well. That is, many (unrelated) languages employ spatial language to think about time.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-see-the-world-in-a-different-way-through-a-new-language\"><strong>See The World in a Different Way Through a New Language<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the language-driven differences in human cognition serve to highlight how similar we are: speakers of all languages think about the same things, but may do so differently.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The language(s) we speak don\u2019t prohibit us from thinking in certain ways, but instead, encourage us to develop habits of thinking about and relating to our world in new ways. Cross-linguistic differences teach us about the limits of the human mind, and that every language has something unique to teach us about all of human language.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Want to see the world in a new and exciting way? Unlock a perspective you can only get through picking up a new language.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Step outside of your comfort zone while staying in the comfort of your own learning environment when you choose to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pimsleur.com\/list-of-languages\/\">learn a language<\/a> with Pimsleur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"838\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/d3brn974kg3172.cloudfront.net\/2019\/10\/image3.png\" alt=\"Pimsleur Spanish Subscription\" class=\"wp-image-11643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3brn974kg3172.cloudfront.net\/2019\/10\/image3.png 838w, https:\/\/d3brn974kg3172.cloudfront.net\/2019\/10\/image3-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/d3brn974kg3172.cloudfront.net\/2019\/10\/image3-768x472.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How Language Influences The Way You See Colors, Space, and Time One day I was in my Kiswahili language learning course when my instructor taught us something profound about how language influences how we see other people. In the course, he taught us how a noun class identifier that was supposed to denote \u201cthings\u201d was <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pimsleur.com\/blog\/how-language-shapes-the-way-we-think-and-see-the-world\/\">Read More >><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":29568,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,166],"tags":[58,1946,4147,4148],"class_list":["post-13154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language-learning","category-science-of-language","tag-language-learning-2","tag-news","tag-science","tag-studies"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Language Shapes the Way We Think and See the World | The Pimsleur Language Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Does language shape thought and influence how you see color, space, and time? Do people who speak different languages think and experience the world differently? How language shapes our perception of reality. Sapir Whorf hypothesis.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pimsleur.com\/blog\/how-language-shapes-the-way-we-think-and-see-the-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Language Shapes the Way We Think and See the World\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Does language shape thought and influence how you see color, space, and time? Do people who speak different languages think and experience the world differently? How language shapes our perception of reality. 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